Multicellular networks drive immunotherapy resistance in MSS colorectal cancer

◇ RESEARCH

A review synthesizes evidence that microsatellite-stable CRC—comprising 85-90% of cases—remains refractory to PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy (objective response rate 5-10%) because tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, regulatory T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells cooperate to exclude, disable, and exhaust CD8+ T cells. (Front Immunol)